Erone di Alessandria, tra genio e letteratura, il Leonardo da Vinci greco
Erone di Alessandria fu un matematico, inventore ed ingegnere della Grecia Antica. Detto anche Erone “il vecchio”, scrisse diversi trattati.
La data in cui Erone è vissuto è incerta e le notizie sono frammentarie, si pensa oscilli tra il I° e il III° secolo. Alcune fonti avrebbero identificato il secolo in cui visse datando al 62 d.C. un’eclissi lunare che lui osservò e trascrisse.
Matematico di grande prestigio, meccanico inventore, gli venne assegnata la carica di insegnante di arti tecniche all’interno del Museo di Alessandria. Erone era estimatore di Ctesibione, Filone, Euclide ed Archimede, di cui studiò con impegno le opere traendone frutto. Nei trattati redatti da Erone si può evincere come fosse profondamente convinto che una preparazione completa fosse fatta quanto di teoria, tanto di pratica.
Erone lo scienziato
Autore di diversi trattati di geometria e matematica, Erone ideò innovativi sistemi per risolvere problemi di misurazione, l’approssimazione di radici cubiche e quadrate per numeri quadrati e cubi non perfetti e riesce a determinare l’area di un triangolo in funzione dei suoi lati (formula di Erone).
Erone si cimentò anche nelle scienze dell’ottica e dell’astronomia. Nel suo trattato sulla Diottria, propose l’utilizzo di uno speciale teodolite di sua invenzione, studiò e trascrisse correttamente le “leggi della riflessione”, occupandosi anche di fisica. In astronomia, basandosi sulle diverse ore locali in cui sono state osservate delle eclissi lunari riuscì a determinare la distanza tra Roma e Alessandria.
Nell’ambito della meccanica Erone ha ricondotto a una sistemazione definitiva sull’aspetto pratico-teorico delle cinque macchine semplici in uso all’epoca: argano, leva, cuneo, vite e carrucola. Il funzionamento di questi macchinari dipende dal principio della “leva”.
Altri importanti trattati redatti da Erone si rivolgono allo studio della pressione, del vapore, dell’acqua o dell’aria compressa. Attraverso questi studi l’inventore crea la “fontana di Erone” e la “eolipila”, ovvero l’antenato del motore a vapore. La sua invenzione dimostra come l’energia termica può mutare in energia meccanica grazie alla pressione che deriva dal riscaldamento di acqua all’interno di una sfera metallica.
Erone l’inventore
Precursore degli “automi”, sul suo trattato espone come costruire macchine da guerra o teatrini automatici, dotati di moto autonomo circolare o rettilineo.
Inventore della dioptra, uno strumento ottico di precisione e dell’odometro, utilizzato per misurare le distanze, che venne poi perfezionato da Leonardo Da Vinci. Erone inventò anche il paranco a fune e la gru a bandiera, ma forse una delle sue invenzioni più geniali fu la “Macchina di Erone”.
Questo macchinario consisteva in un congegno che poteva aprire e chiudere in modo automatico le porte di un tempio. Qualcosa di davvero impensabile in quell’epoca.
Un grande contributo di Erone si deve al mondo della musica. Egli inventò il tasto per strumenti a corda, sostituendo il pizzicato con la percussione di una corda musicale controllata da un tasto che solleva un martelletto da una posizione di riposo in basso verso l’alto a colpire la corda.
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