Il canto delle balene
La locuzione “canto delle balene” si riferisce a una serie di suoni emessi dai cetacei per comunicare tra loro, che ricorda vagamente il canto umano, nella forma del falsetto; in particolar modo dalla Megattera, anche se ovviamente il processo biologico è variabile di specie in specie.
Non potendo disporre di uno sviluppato senso dell’olfatto e della vista, vivendo in acqua, dove la luce viene assorbita in maniera maggiore, le balene fanno molto affidamento sul suono, che come è risaputo ha una buona propagazione nelle acque; uno dei fattori rischio per le balene è difatti l’inquinamento acustico, causato dall’antropizzazione dei mari.
Gli esseri umani producono suoni attraverso la laringe, da cui viene espulsa l’aria, grazie all’ausilio delle corde vocali che si aprono e chiudono quanto basta per la composizione sonora, mentre i cetacei, a differenza delle balene, che hanno una laringe priva di corde vocali, non devono respirare per emettere suoni, ma reciclano l’aria all’interno dei polmoni; tuttavia ancora nonè ben chiaro agli scienziati come vengano emessi questi suoni, né quelli che le balene possono emettere anche dai seni craniali.
Del linguaggio utilizzato dalle balene, sappiamo che la megattera emette dei versi cupi e profondi durante il corteggiamento, mentre suoni più semplici vengono utilizzati nella vita quotidiana; sia la Megattera che la balenottera azzurra, sono in grado di produrre suoni ripetitivi su varie frequenze, conosciuto appunto come il “Canto delle Balene”, descritto dal biologo marino Philip Clapham “come il più complesso del regno animale”.
Le vocalizzazioni delle Megattere, sono solitamente composte dai maschi, che vanno in competizione, durante la stagione dell’accoppiamento e probabilmente cercano di marcare il territorio, la cosa comunque allo stato attuale è ancora oggetto di studi.
Negli anni ’70, gli studi condotti, dimostrarono che il canto segue una struttura gerarchica e distinta, le “note”, sono emissioni ininterrotte ed unitarie con una durata variabile di alcuni secondi, con una frequenza variabile tra 20 Hz a 10 kHz (l’udibilità per un umano è da 20 Hz a 20 kHz); la modulazione può quindi salire o scendere in tonalità, o rimanere costante durante l’emissione della nota.
4 o 5 emissioni vengono incorporate in una sotto-frase che ha una durata di 10 secondi, due sotto-frasi compongono una frase, che viene solitamente ripetuta da 2 a 4 minuti consecutivi (formando un tema); una composizione di temi viene qualificata come “canto”, che può essere ripetuta per soli venti minuti o anche per giorni e giorni; delle variazioni di intensità e tonalità, possono riscontrarsi nel corso dei mesi o degli anni, per esempio anche attraverso uno spostamento geografico della balena, che tenderà ad assimilare il canto delle balene che vivono nella nuova regione e che cantano collezioni di unità completamente differenti, un po’ come per le razze umane, che parlano differenti lingue o dialetti.
Le Megattere, inoltre, emettono suoni anche indipendenti dal canto, come ad esempio il richiamo del pasto, un suono prolungato da 5 a 10 secondi senza frequenza costante, che ha lo scopo di avvertire le compagne di eventuali banchi di pesci o addirittura spingerli in direzione di altre Megattere; uno studio condotto su delle aringhe ha infatti dimostrato che i pesci riconoscono quel suono e fuggono terrorizzati udendolo, anche se non vi è presenza della balena.
Anche tra le balene esistono i baritoni? Considerato che solitamente cantano tra 15-20 Hz, venne tuttavia scoperto un esemplare che per 12 anni cantò a 52 Hz, scatenando gli scienziati, che però non seppero dare una spiegazione al fenomeno.
Una cosa, tuttavia è certa, i suoni emessi dalle balene, possono raggiungere la ragguardevole distanza di 3000 km da dove sono stati emessi!
Purtroppo a causa dell’inquinamento sonoro prodotto dalle imbarcazioni, questi suoni vanno a disperdersi, quasi dimezzandosi; gli scienziati hanno dichiarato che ogni decade il rumore prodotto dalle navi raddoppia, al punto che nelle acque al largo di Vancouver, in Canada, delle orche hanno cominciato a “strillare”, aumentando la frequenza e il volume dei loro suoni, per poter comunicare tra loro.
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