L’ispirazione dantesca del bosco di Serpentara. Il querceto di Olevano romano che ha affascinato artisti e intellettuali con il suo particolare paesaggio.
Oggi ricorrono i settecent’anni dalla morte di Dante Alighieri, avvenuta fra il 13 e il 14 del 1321. La Divina Commedia è tra le opere più lette e conosciute al mondo. È il primo riferimento testuale e la massima espressione della letteratura di ogni epoca storica.
La sua rappresentazione figurativa è sempre stata una forte sfida da parte di numerosi artisti; con il suo linguaggio metaforico e la sua visione ultraterrena, molti ebbero l’ambizione di provare a raffigurarla. Ben presto però questo compito si rivelò troppo arduo e così solamente pochi artisti ce la fecero.
Tra questi ci fu sicuramente Gustave Dorè, pittore e incisore francese. Nato nel 1832 a Strasburgo, dimostrò fin da bambino una predilezione per il disegno, formatosi autodidatta, frequentò poi l’accademia del Louvre. Artista versatile e multiforme sperimentò diverse arti figurative, quali la pittura, l’acquarello, l’incisione e diversi generi pittorici. Egli però è noto soprattutto per le sue incisioni della Divina Commedia che sono tutt’oggi nella memoria collettiva.
L’edizione dell’Inferno dantesco con le illustrazioni di Dorè uscì in Francia nel 1861 e riscosse subito un grandissimo successo di pubblico, tanto che negli anni successivi si cimentò anche per quelle del Purgatorio e del Paradiso. Nonostante fossero state pubblicate nel 1861 presso un editore francese, Dorè aveva iniziato a progettare le sue incisioni fin dal 1855, dopo aver compiuto diversi viaggi in Europa, tra cui in Italia.
Nell’Ottocento era consuetudine per gli artisti e scrittori viaggiare in cerca d’ispirazione e tra le mete del Gran tour italiano c’era Olevano romano: un borgo ai piedi del Monte celeste, circondato da boschi, uliveti e vigne e che divenne ben presto meta di molti pittori e intellettuali. Fra gli ospiti più illustri possiamo annoverare Goethe nel suo famosissimo viaggio in Italia e svariati pittori, come Corot, Koch, Reinhold, i quali lo immortalarono nei loro quadri.
L’ispirazione dantesca
Perfino Gustave Dorè ebbe l’occasione di visitare il borgo laziale, del quale ammirò il paesaggio aspro e multiforme. La sua attenzione però si concentrò soprattutto verso la località di Serpentara: un bosco di querce che si trova sopra a Olevano. Gli aspetti nodosi e ispidi dei rami dettero all’incisore l’ispirazione necessaria per la raffigurazione della selva del I canto. L’area silvestre di Serpentara, avendo tale conformazione, si prestò benissimo alle idee raffigurative e alla visione dantesca di Dorè.
L’incisore non si limitò però solo al primo canto, ma ne prese ispirazione anche per il XIII, ossia per raffigurare la selva dei suicidi dove il Sommo Poeta incontra Pier delle Vigne. Il canto è memorabile come la raffigurazione di Dorè. Dante sentì i lamenti e gemiti da tutte le parti e non ne capì la provenienza. Virgilio così gli chiese di spezzare un ramo e da questo ne uscirono sangue nero e un gemito di dolore.
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